Black Holes Essays (757 words) - Black Holes, Event Horizon

Black Holes Within our galaxy alone, there are millions upon millions of stars. Within our universe, there are millions upon millions of galaxies. Humans have known the existence of stars since they have had eyes. Although interpretations may have differed on what they were, they were always thought of as white glowing specks in the sky, but the mystery does not lie within what we can see, but what we can not see. There are billions of stars lighting the darkness of our universe, but the question lies in what happens when one of these enormous lamps burns out. Upon many speculations, one of the most fascinating is the black hole theory. Not any star can become a Black Hole. For instance, the possibility of our sun becoming a black hole is highly unlikely, simply because it is too small. Only a very large star has the potential to become a black hole. The definitions of black boles are somewhat skeptical. Generally, a black hole is an area of super-concentrated mass. So concentrated, that no object can escape its gravitational pull. In other words, once you get caught by it's gravitational pull, you aren't getting out again. The velocity you need to break away from a gravitational pull is called the escape velocity. Roughly, earth's escape velocity is about 25,000 M.P.H. (11.2 kilometers/second). Earth's mass is nothing compared to the mass of a star that has the potential to become a black hole. A black hole has so much mass in such a small area, that its escape velocity is greater than the speed of light. So if were all living on earth, and earth was a black hole, we would need to go at the speed of light in order to get to the moon. Even though a black hole's gravitational pull is enormous, it does have its boundary. This boundary is called the event horizon. This event horizon is the point where the black hole's gravitational pull begins. Once you cross the event horizon, there is no turning back. As stated before, the escape velocity of a black hole exceeds the speed of light, and since going faster than the speed of light is impossible, so is escaping a black hole's gravitational pull. Inside the event horizon is where the major speculation begins. Just what happens once you cross the event horizon? Well, once you cross the event horizon, you'll be spinning around the center at the speed of light. As you get closer to the center, or what scientists call the singularity, the theory of the spaghetti effect comes into play. That is, the gravitational pull of the center of the black hole is greater at your feet than your head, thus pulling stronger at your feet, and stretching you out to a point of infinite thinness. This same force is what causes the tides in our ocean, hence the name tidal forces. The time in which it takes you to witness this effect depends on the size of the black hole. A smaller black hole means that its singularity is not far away, thus killing you quicker. If you could somehow get into a horizon safely and look around, images around you would be distorted. And since light can go into a black hole, you can see outside images fine. But light won't be able to bounce of you and back, so no one would be able to see you. Although living long enough to reach the singularity is just about impossible, if you could reach it; no one knows what would happen. Basically, you would be in a place where time does not exist and all of Einstein's laws will fail. Evidence that black holes are real does exist. Even though you cannot see a black hole, as light cannot escape it, you can measure how much mass there is in an area. And if you have a large quantity of mass in a small area, there is a good chance it is a black hole. Black holes do not live forever, and as stars, they die. Speculation on their deaths is extremely speculative. The theory of black hole evaporation seems to be a popular theory on how black holes die. Black holes

Four Influential African American People

Four Influential African American People Free Online Research Papers Susan B. Anthony Born in Adams, Massachusetts on February 15,1820. As a child she was an activist of slavery. She was raised as a Quaker and was brought up as a slavery activist. She also was a temperance activist in the Daughters of Temperance (prohibition of alcohol). Since only men were able to speak at temperance rallies she was not able to be there. Susan B. Anthony suddenly became a woman suffragist. She performed many woman rights acts along with her friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They both organized the first woman’s state temperance society. They spoke all over the nation trying to persuade the government to treat men and women equally. She became vice president of the National Woman’s Suffrage Association (was combined with American Woman Suffrage Association) and then president at 1892. She devoted her entire life being an activist to woman rights. She died within her home in Rochester, New York on March 13, 1906 due to pneumonia and heart failure. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Borna on November 12,1815 in Johnstown, New York. She was a social activist and an abolitionist. She protested along with her husband, Henry Brewster Stanton. After the American Civil War she protested for woman rights. She was mainly concerned with the women’s parental and custody rights, property rights, employment and income rights, divorce laws and economic health of family and birth control. Along with Susan B. Anthony, she protested against the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. She became the president of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1869 until 1892. She died of heart failure on October 26,1902. That was 20 before women were able to have the right to vote. 5 Scott Joplin Born near Linden, Texas between July 1867- January 1868. He was called the father of ragtime or the â€Å"King of Ragtime. He wrote 44 ragtime pieces, a ragtime ballet and 2 operas (Guest of Honor and Treemenshia). His known pieces â€Å"Maple Leaf Rag† and â€Å"The Entertainer†. He traveled in the south his music career performing. In 1976 he was given the Pulitzer Prize. He died in April 1, 1917. Frank Lloyd Wright Born in Richland Center, Wisconsin on June 8,1867. He was a famous American architect, interior designer, and educator. He designed offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels and museums. He built over 400 structures. He created the idea of the prairie house. He also created interior elements (furniture). He wrote 20 books and articles. A known building is Guggenheim Museum. He died on April 9,1959. Research Papers on Four Influential African American People19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Falkland Islands War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Falkland Islands War - Research Paper Example Even though the war ended eventually in favour of England, there Argentine claim continues to remain over the sovereignty of the region. This paper will analyze the Falkland Islands War at global level by examining the political and military engagement of both Argentina and England in the conflict and interpret the reasons why it still remains an unsolved international issue for the stakeholders. The Falkland Islands War was one of the most short-lived wars in the history. Like in any other war, the political interest of acquiring the authority over the island groups encouraged Argentina to occupy the region with its air force and navy. However, the retaliation by the British force was quick and the war ended with England defeating Argentina within seventy four days. Irrespective of its length and the number of casualties, the war is known for the impact of its result on the political conditions in both Argentina and England. Despite the sudden rise of nationalism and sympathy across Argentina, the fall of the military government was quickened by the defeat. On the other hand, England’s Conservative Party retained trust and continued through a second term after the success in the war. As per the BBC News, records of the history refers that Argentina entered the remote British colony of Falkland Islands with its military troop on 2 April 1982, and the invasion resulted in a short but fierce war between Argentina and the United Kingdom. The crisis has to be seen as a conflict of claims of both the countries over the sovereignty of the region in a critically interesting way. While Argentina wanted to establish that it had inherited the region from Spain and that they lay close to South America, it made a quick march to the islands with a view to expand the territorial regime. However, Margaret Thatcher, then Prime Minister of England chose a fight which made meaning for

Stonewall Riots Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stonewall Riots - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, the paper will focus on discussing a brief history of the Stonewall riots and determine whether things would have changed if the history turned out differently. Several years after Stonewall riots, the issue concerning the gay has attained high publicity, which was evident through their high level of progression. There for the last few years, numerous gay activists are free to take their protests to the street leading to a significant change in the laws (Anon, 1). In fact, there are new laws, which have been established to facilitate protection of gay men and lesbian. Furthermore, there numerous regional and local organization, which are established for protecting gay rights such as the Gay Liberation Front. These organizations have actively been involved in offering services such as political activism, legal and economic assistance to the gay community. In fact, these they have been successful in their effort to help political candidates, teenagers in schools, same sex marriages and gay families and relationship. Therefore, this has led to the issue of gay becoming friendly in the society despite numerous challenge faced by gay men and lesbian in the process of facilitating their inclusion and acceptance in the community. History The Stonewall riots began on June 27 1969, when law enforcement officers raided Stonewall Inn, which was interact place for homosexuals at Christopher Street (Batie, 1). However, it was usual for police officers to raid any gay bars. In fact, this raid was one of regular occurrences where police would harass customers and apprehend transvestites, gays and lesbians. Nevertheless, the case in Stonewall Inn was different since there was a fight between gays and lesbian patrons. The fight involved the police officers and they responded by beating numerous protestors while arresting others. There were different speculations regarding cause of the fight between these patrons, whereby there are people who related the fight with the death of Judy Garland, who had died in London five days before the fight had occurred. However, this incidence was followed by other protests, thereby leading to a cultural shift during moments when people never wanted to be publicly regarded as homosexuals (Violette, 104). Therefore, after this incidence issues related to gay and lesbians were no more a secret; in fact, there were marches on Washington representing the civil rights which led to the establishment of gay pride. In this case, since 1970 the uprising has been marked through a celebration of annul gay pride march that occurs along the Fifth Avenue and across Christopher Street. Discussion The Stonewall riot in 1969 is regarded the initiation of contemporary gay and lesbian rights association; in fact, this riot lasted for six days leading to increased tension among the law enforcement officers, gay men and lesbians. However, if the history during the riot were different, things would be different concerning the cur rent situation of gay men and lesbian movement. In fact, if things had tuned differently, issues regarding human and civil rights for the gay men and lesbian would still be constrained. During 1960s, there was increased tension in American population due to increased intolerance of harassment and arrest experienced by gay men and lesbians from this police (Whitney, 1679). Therefore, if it were not

Physics in Sports Essay Example for Free

Physics in Sports Essay Everything from kicking a ball into a goal to running from one side to the other side of the field is based on physics. Physics plays a key role in sports; it can impact on a player either positively or even negatively. Gravity, friction, motion and projectile affects sport in every aspect. How physics affects Sports No matter how hard or high you kick a ball as a result of gravity it will be pulled back down to earth. Although the rate at which it descends may vary on its mass and surface area, it will still have to come down. If thrown at any other angle than 90iit will have a parabolic path (trajectory). Also air resistance and friction will reduce the rate at which the ball moves. The law of conservation of energy also plays a major role in sports. In football if you kick a ball you are transferring kinetic energy from your foot to the ball. From the pendulum balls by the side you can see how energy transfer works. If you lift the ball at left then energy will be passed on to the neighbouring ball and as a result the ball at the end will move the same distance from which it was released on the other side. Similarly in this diagram the character kicks the ball transferring kinetic energy from his foot to the ball. The ball moves and rises and therefore the kinetic energy will be converted into gravitational potential energy. Speed is another factor that is based on physics. In any sports using the force applied, time and the mass you can work out the final/initial velocity assuming that initial/final velocity is zero. Alternatively you can work out speed if you are given the time taken and distance it travels. How technological development has made the data collected more valid and reliable than with traditional methods of studying mechanics. Technology has developed at a staggering rate over the recent years. This allowed us to measure data much more accurately, as humans can make errors in timing due to reaction time both at start and end. Also the development of light gates allowed us to measure speed, time and acceleration. This can then be plotted on a graph and the graph can drawn/ edited in real time (as the measurements are taken the graph can be plotted and the line of best fit can be changed). Experiment for measuring Speed You can measure speed using a simple tennis ball. Set a straight horizontal track and makes sure it is straight. Measure the length of the track. You will need a timer to time the experiment. Roll the tennis ball through the measured distance and time it. Then use V=S/T (Velocity=Displacement/Time) to find out Speed at which it was travelling. Alternatively the velocity can be measure by setting a light gate near the end of the track and connecting it to a Data logger, and this will display the data on the screen, so that it is easier for you to read. You have to set up the data logger so that it measures speed also you have to choose the diameter of the ball which will pass through the light gate. Sources: Edexcel AS Physics Ann Fullick, Patrick Fullick, Miles Hudson, Sue Howarth Pearson (2008) page 46 47 http://www. soccerballworld. com/Physics. htm Physics World magazine, June 1998 pg 25-27. http://physics-of-sport. net/basketball. html http://www. serioussoccer. net/Documents/PhysicsofSoccer. pdf.

Was Shakespeare Really in Love? Essay -- William Shakespeare Playwrigh

Was Shakespeare Really in Love? William Shakespeare is arguably one of the best playwrights of all time, and he is certainly one of the most well-known writers in the history of literature. Shakespeare is a classic example of how art and literature can touch so many people’s lives and hearts. His work has been enjoyed by millions of people for four hundred years, and today, his plays are still being performed daily all over the world. He wrote a total of thirty-seven plays and 154 sonnets in his lifetime. Plays like Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth are recognized by most people, and they, coupled with his beautiful sonnets, are clear evidence that Shakespeare was a romantic man. Over four hundred years ago, Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, about 100 miles northwest of London, in April of 1564. Shakespeare was the first son and the third child born to his parents, John and Mary Shakespeare. His father was a â€Å"glover,† a maker, worker and seller of leather goods, such as gloves, purses, and belts. Most scholars agree that Shakespeare attended the Stratford grammar school, where he learned the English alphabet, as well as reading and writing in Latin. In grammar school, Shakespeare would have been exposed to Latin authors such as Cicero, Virgil, Seneca, and Ovid. It was in grammar school that Shakespeare fell in love with literature, yet when Shakespeare was around thirteen years old, his father was forced to take him out of grammar school to help him with the business at home. Most scholars believe Shakespeare continued enjoying Latin and English literature throughout his entire lifetime. Clearly, he was familiar with such literature, and a life-long student, because many of his plays are modeled after pr... ...Shakespeare. New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2002. Mabillard, Amanda. â€Å"Shakespeare of Stratford.†Shakespeare Online. 2000. http://www.shakespeare-online.com/biography/default.asp. (11/20/2002). Kinney, Sarah. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Marriage – Is it Reflected in His Plays?† http://www.calvin.edu/academic/engl/346/proj/skinney.htm. (11/27/2002). Almasy, Rudolph. Daniel, Rebecca. Gerlach, Jeanne. â€Å"Revisiting Shakespeare and Gender.†Digital Library & Archives. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/WILLA/fall96/gerlach.html Gray, Terry. â€Å"1564 Birth & Early Years.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"1582 Marriage.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"1608 Romance & Reconciliation.†A Shakespeare Timeline. 1998. http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/timeline/timeline.htm Ward, Ian. â€Å"Shakespeare and the Politics of Community.† Early Modern Literary Studies. 1999. http://www.shu.ac.uk/emls/04-3/wardshak.html

Focus Group

INTRODUCTION Focus group is a qualitative technique used mostly in marketing research and also other areas of research. This technique is used to collect primary data. This document consists of information about focus group. The main objective of this assignment was to investigate how focus groups techniques are used to collect primary data about the phenomenon at hand in the real world. The research method used was Google scholar for academic journals.The campus library database was also used for more academic journals and textbooks from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) different libraries. The main problem experienced in the completion of this document was that most textbooks about this studied topic were outdated in the author’s campus. Hence, different campuses of NMMU were visited and the right textbooks were found. This document presents a review of the literature on focus groups. It continues with an empirical study on organisational corruption in secon dary schools.Also included, is the reference list of all cited sources as well as an annexure. 2 FOCUS GROUPS In the collection of primary data there are two research methods that can be of use, quantitative and qualitative methods, which can both be subdivided into idiosyncratic primary data collection methods. Because the main focus of this document is on focus groups, therefore only qualitative techniques will be mentioned which are in-depth interviews, projective techniques and focus groups. Seymour (2004:04) defines focus groups (F.G) as â€Å"group of interacting individuals having some common interest or characteristics, brought together by a moderator, who uses the group and its interactions as a way to gain information about a specific or focused issue†. This technique has been utilised in many fields to collect primary data as mentioned above and its characteristics are discussed in the following section. 2. 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCUS GROUPS When F. G are considered to be used in a certain research study then there are characteristics which have to be taken into account, which are: group size, group composition, physical setting, moderator, recording tools and length f group discussion. Below it is a detailed review on each of the above mentioned characteristics of F. G. 2. 1. 1 Group size When determining to embark on F. G one has to think about the size (number) of that certain F. G. Despite the confusion that can be created by different sources stating a different number of possible group sizes. The research of F. G can be undertaken with a group of 4- 12 people (Tong, Sainsbury & Craig 2007:351). Large F. G group size can jeopardise the discussion as it may be difficult to handle the discussion, even so the group size depends on the complexity of the research study. . 1. 2 Group composition After the group size had been decided then the group composition must be considered as well. All participants taking part in a F. G must be homogen eous in the interest of the studied phenomenon (Malhotra & Birks 2006:160). Participants with similar characteristics, which the study is about, make the discussion easier and nicely flowing. 2. 1. 3 Physical setting When choosing the venue to carry out a F. G it is imperative that the chosen venue must also meet the aspects of the phenomenon at hand and of the participants.Daymon and Holloway (2002:194) state that â€Å"choosing the right environment for traditional focus groups plays a vital role as it can attract freely expressed opinions from the participants†. 2. 1. 4 Moderator In the success of F. G moderators play a vital role. It is of crucial role that moderators in F. G keep the environment safe so participants can freely express their opinions and most importantly must use probe questions; such requires a great experience from the moderator (Hague, P. , Hague, N. & Morgan 2004:53).Therefore, the moderator ought to possess skills such as creating chemistry w ith the participants, keep the flow of the discussion and analysing the data collected. 2. 1. 5 Recording tools No person can be able to cram exactly a discussion of over 20 minutes by his head; some points will certainly be missed. Wiid & Diggines (2009:90) express that â€Å"sessions should preferably be recorded (both visual and audio) so that the researcher can review the sessions later in order to gain further insights†.These tools therefore, assist to keep the already realised needed data and the data that the moderator was unaware of during the discussion. 2. 1. 6 Length of group discussion When planning F. G it is essential to plan the duration precisely as it may play an impact on the data collected. However, just like group sizes, length of F. G depends on the complexity of the issue at hand. The more complex of the issue is the more the duration of the discussion is required, but if so then breaks must be taken in between to let the participants to enliven and produce successful F. G (Malhotra & Birks 2006:161).While on the hand, Seymour (2004:05) being unambiguous reveals that â€Å"most focus groups encompass 90 minutes to three hours of discussion†. With the above discussed characteristics of F. G considered, then one has to scrutinise the advantages and disadvantages of F. G. The following section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of F. G. 2. 2 ADVANTAGES F. G has its own advantages which can attract this technique to be used. These advantages are discussed individually beneath. Cost- because discussions are done simultaneously then it reduces the cost (Wiid & Diggines 2009:91).Speed- because a number of individuals are being interviewed at the same time, data collection and analysis proceeds speedily (Gerber-Nel, Nel & Kotze 2003:104). Synergy- a discussion with a number of participants can also be of help by generating more information than one-on-one interviews (University of Toronto [UT] 2002:02). Snowb all- Malhotra & Birks (2006:162) state that â€Å"a bandwagon effect often operates in a group discussion in that one person’s comment triggers a chain reaction from the other respondents†.In elaboration, a comment from one of the participants may reveal an idea to some other participant(s). Scientific scrutiny- because the moderator is also in the venue of discussion with participants, it also gives the moderator the opportunity to also observe (Malhotra & Birks 2006:162). However, disadvantages investigated by the author are more than the mentioned above but the above mentioned are those anticipated as most important. 2. 3 DISADVANTAGES Focus groups have advantages which can jeopardise the collected data or the data collection process itself.These advantages are explained below. Misjudgement- Gerber-Nel et al (2003:104) utter that â€Å"results are misinterpreted due to bias†. Non representative sample- because of the small number of participants in to tal as compared to quantitative, therefore participants in F. G cannot represent any population (Wiid & Diggines 2009:91). Inconclusive results- the results of F. G only retort to ‘what’ but not ‘why’ which can sometimes make the narrow and create a need for a quantitative research study (Gerber-Nel et al 2003:104).Difficulty in analysing- this method mostly consists of words which make it more difficult to analyse (Grudens-Schuck, Allen & Larson 2004: ¶9). 2. 4 WHEN TO USE FOCUS GROUPS With the above discussed sections it is also vital for one to know when to utilise F. G. Focus groups are mostly used to discover behaviour, perceptions, attitudes and processes (Hague et al 2004:50). These traits that F. G are used to discover which responds to the question of ‘when to use focus groups? ’, which in respond will be, F.G can be used in; stand alone method, supplementary to a survey and as a part of multi method design (Daymon & Holl ower 2002:188). The following section will discuss the use of F. G in the study of organisational corruption in secondary schools in Turkey and the information provided is based on annexure A. 3 FOCUS GROUP STUDY ON ORGANISATIONAL CORRUPTION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ANKARA In Turkey after it was seen that the level of corruption in secondary schools is high, it was then seen important that a study on this problem should be undertaken.The moderator and his assistant decided to use F. G study to identify the perceptions of teachers in Ankara (a city in Turkey). The group sizes of the study were eight and nine respectively, which in total consisted of 17 participants (12 males and 5 females). These participants were chosen due to homogeneous attributes meeting the studied problem, because this study is about secondary schools therefore the participants were critically recruited due to their profession of teaching. Thereafter, the moderator and his assistant held the F. G in a cosmopolit an city of Turkey known by the name Ankara.Apaydin & Balci (2011:821) state that in the study â€Å"audio and video recordings were taken informed consent†. Which helped to later on even realise information shared which the researchers were not aware of. The duration of each focus group was 90 minutes, which the researchers felt the time it was the right time, for each group discussion. The fact that F. G were held made it less costly for this study than any other possible study because a large number of people participated in this study at a time which also made it quite quicker.Some points in this study were raised up by addition or revealing of another idea by some other participant’s comment. On the other hand, the researchers also saw that because at first the participants were suppose to represent secondary schools of Turkey as a nation then later converted to the cosmopolitan city Ankara but still the researchers saw that the number of total participants is quite diminutive to represent such large population. On the findings of this study it was seen of importance that further study should be carried out on different groups so the findings can be generalised. CONCLUSION This study has been a great study which can be improvised in a way. Such way is that the researchers must carry on with the focus groups and compare findings, if even after several discussions same findings are gathered then it would be a point where the findings can be generalised for the secondary schools in Ankara. REFERENCE LIST Apaydin, C. & Balci, A. 2011. Education. Organizational Corruption in Secondary Schools: A Focus Group Study, 131(4):818-829. Daymon, C. & Holloway, I. 2002.Qualitative research methods in public relations andmarketing communications. London: Routledge. Gerber-Nel, C. , Nel, D. & Kotze, T. 2003. Marketing research. Claremont: New African Books. Grudens-Schuck, N. , Allen, B. L. & Larson, K. 2004. Focus group fundamentals. Met hodology Brief: 9. Hague, P. , Hague, N. & Morgan, C. 2004. Marketing research in practice: A guide to the basics. London: Kogan Page. Malhotra, N. K. & Birks, D. F. 2006. Marketing research: An applied approach. 2nd rev ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall.Seymour, A. 2004. Focus groups. An Important Tool for Strategic Planning:1-32. Tong, A. , Sainsbury, P. & Craig, J. 2007. International journal for quality in health care. Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ): a 32-item Checklist for Interviews and Focus Groups, 19(6):349-357. University of Toronto. 2002. The health communication unit. Using Focus Groups, 02:1-59. Wiid, J. & Diggines, C. 2009. Marketing research. Cape Town: Juta. ANNEXURE A: ORGANIZATIONAL CORRUPTION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: A FOCUS GROUP STUDY