grendelbeo Epic of Beowulf Essay - The Evil of Grendel -- Epic Beowul

The Evil of Grendel in BeowulfThe story of Beowulf, written during Anglo-Saxon times, is a classic epic tale amidst good versus evil. It is a story that gives us insight into the values of the Anglo-Saxon people. The Anglo-Saxons glorified boosterism and the conquering of evil. In the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf, the character of Grendel symbolically represents evil through his setting and heritage, his hateful attitude toward men, and his vicious acts of murder. Grendels heritage and setting argon two things that attribute to Grendels evilness. In the story the author tells us that Grendel was a descendant of Cain(the son of Adam and Eve, who was cursed by God for killing his brother Abel). The poet writes, Conceived by a pair of those monsters born of Cain(line 42-43). The author makes the familiarity between the murderous Cain and the evil Grendel. Even Grendels lair is a pit of slime and filth. Grendel, who haunted the moors, the wild marshes, and made his home in a nuthouse not hell but Earth. He was spawned in that slime(lines 39-41). When the author uses lines like, in a hell not hell but Earth(line 40), it unfeignedly helps to create this vivid image in your mind of this terrible lair that Grendel lives in. He not only lives in the swamp, but also thrives in the ugliness of the night. Out from the marsh, from the foot of misty hills and bogs, bearing Gods hatred, Grendel came, ...He moved quickly through the cloudy night, ...his eyes gleamed in the darkness, burned with a gruesome light(lines 363-367378-380). The poet shows how Grendel travels in the darkness of the night. The night is used to symbolically represent evil. The poets descriptions of Grendels evil and dark enviro... ...out legends, and that is why the story has survived through the ages. It tells us of a powerful, terribly evil monster. The descriptions of Grendel are so scary and evil that we can all draw our own vivid picture of him in our mind. This monst er represents all of the evil in the world, and the hero of the story represents everything good in the world. The story has survived because it is a story about good versus evil. It is a story that we can relate to even now in modern times. Sources Clark, George. Beowulf. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1990. Fry, Donald K. Introduction The Artistry of Beowulf. In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Robinson, Fred C. Grendels Evil. In Beowulf - Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea tin Publishers, 1987.

the hell of 1984 :: essays research papers

The Hell of Nineteen Eighty-Four.). Did Orwell realise quite what he had done in Nineteen Eighty-Four? His post-publication glosses on its meaning bust either blankness or bad faith even about its contemporary political implications. He insisted, for example, that his recent novel was NOT think as an attack on Socialism or on the British Labour Party (of which I am a supporter).(1) He may well not have intended it but that is what it can reasonably be taken to be. Warburg saw this immediately he had read the manuscript, and predicted that Nineteen Eighty-Four was worth a cool one thousand thousand votes to the Conservative Party(2) the literary editor of the Evening Standard sarcastically prescribed it as "required reading" for Labour Party M.P.s,(3) and, in the US, the Washington branch of the deception Birch Society adopted "1984" as the last four digits of its telephone number.(4) Moreover, Churchill had made the inseparably interwoven relation between socialis m and totalitarianism a plank in his 1945 election campaign(5) (and was not the protagonist of Nineteen Eighty-Four called Winston?). If, ten years earlier, an Orwell had written a futuristic fantasy in which Big Brother had had Hitlers features quite than Stalins, would not the Left, whatever the writers proclaimed political sympathies, have welcomed it as showing how capitalism, by its very nature, led to totalitarian fascism?With Nineteen Eighty-Four, it is particularly necessary to trust the floor and not the teller, but even this has its pitfalls. Interpretations of the novel already exist which blatantly ignore the intentions of the author by reinterpreting its manifest content without any obvious justification. tho all existing interpretations of Nineteen Eighty-Four are unsatisfactory in one regard or another. For many years Nineteen Eighty-Four served as a sort of an ideological super-weapon in the Cold War,(6) was used along with Animal Farm as propaganda in the Wester n occupied zones of Germany, which it was feared ... might be invaded by Soviet troops,(7) and was later also made use of by West Germany as warning . . . about what a future under Stalin might be like.(8) There is much in the novel, of course, which allowed it to be interpreted as an attack on Soviet Communism and its allegedly aggressive intentions. Nonetheless, such an interpretation does not quite fit Ingsoc has been established in Oceania by internal revolution and not by military invasion or external pressure. The model is Trotsky rather than Stalin.

Honest Iago Essay -- essays papers

Honest Iago The poet Coleridge appropriately described the character of Iago as macrocosm one of motiveless malignity. Throughout the play Iagos motives are secondary to, and seem only to serve as justification for, his actions. Iago is driven by his constitution of character. To discuss Coleridges assessment we must look at Iagos characterfrom Iagos point of view and that of the other charactershis motives, methods, and pawns. Through some cautiously thought-out words and actions, Iago is able to manipulate others to do things in a way that benefits him all the while he is pushing Othello, Desdemona, Roderigo, Emilia, and Cassio to their tragic end. According to Websters New internationalistic Dictionary, Second Edition, malignity is partially defined as disposition to do worthless. Motiveless is implied in the definition of malignity. That one has a disposition to do evil is to say evil is in the record of the malignant person motive is not an issue. Motiveless ma lignity is redundant in the pure designateing of the words. Does Coleridge mean to say that Iago cannot help himself from being evil or does he mean that what Iago did was without motive? For the sake of this discussion, Coleridge intends the later. Abbott states in truth character is what a person is news report is what he is supposed to be. (Websters) Is Iago evil? No, he is not. Walter Lippmann says that evil is not a quality of things as such. It is a quality of our relation to them. (Websters) Iago is not opposed to equitable (a partial definition of evil) however, he is amoral and malicious. How does Iago see himself? Others there are who, trimmed in forms and visages of duty, keep yet their hearts attending on themselves, and t... ...d knowledge of the nature of things to play a game and win. He does not make each move with conscious reason, only to win the game thus Iago is motiveless at each step. He is like a child who only enjoys tumbling down the bloc ks of other children he is the play-yard bully. When asked why, the bully generally shrugs and says I dont know. Similarly when asked why, Iagos response is just as simple What you know, you know. Act V, Scene 2, Line 302 And Iago knew why and he knew how. Iago most honestly confesses to Emily I told him what I thought, and told no more(prenominal) than what he found himself was apt and true Act V, Scene 2, Line 175 The unspoken line comes next they believed what they wantedthey are the guilty not I. Iago is a crafty, intelligent, artful school-yard bully, who is motiveless at each move. Iago is an honest man--deadly honest.

Descriptive Essay - The Woods in Autumn -- Descriptive Essay, Descripti

The Woods in Autumn It is not true that the close of a life which ends in a indwelling fashion---life which is permitted to put on the display of death and to go out in glory---inclines the mind to rest. It is not true of a day ending nor the passing ofthe year, nor of the transcend of leaves. Whatever permanent, uneasy question isnative to men, comes forward most insistent and most loud at such times. Thereare still places where maven can feel and describe the spirit of the falling ofleaves. At Fall, the sky which is of so delicate and faint a blue as to containsomething of dispirited mockery, and certain more of tenderness, presides at thefall of leaves. There is no air, no breath at all. The leaves are so lightthat they sidle on their passing downward, hesitating in that which is not void tothem, and touching at last so intangible to the earth with which they are tomerge, that the gesture is much gentler than a greeting, and as yet more discr...

Free College Admissions Essays: Learning from Mistakes :: College Admissions Essays

Learning from Mistakes One day that I will probably never forget is the day that I had to play Jonathan Walker. He was good the best table tennis player in our school and he had even been offered to play on the National Junior team. I remember the harmonise as if it was yesterday. It was the time of year when competition smelled thick in the air and everyone was excited about Inter-House Sports. I was particularly involved in Tennis and swindle but I was really excited about Table Tennis as I had been named Vice-Captain. It was a grueling school day that had ended with an expectant 120-minute Chemistry practical. The school bell that rang was like sweet music to my ears and the only thought that whisked through my mind was that of going home and sleeping in my big, booming bed. Just so, I remembered that the Table Tennis contest between Team C and Team D which also incidentally the finals, was at 400 p.m. I sluggishly changed into the clothes that I had in my locker and h eaded for the Games Room. I was very tired and hoped that I would have an easy opponent. However, this was not to be my lucky day. The police chief of our team, Jason, was sick so I had to play the opposing captain, namely, Jonathan. Panic and doom were those thoughts that dominated my mind when I was told this. However, I was always an optimist and tried to convince myself that I could defeat him (Yeah right). We approached the table and shook hands. In the few initial minutes, we warmed up, just casually rallying the ball around, but even then he was playing better tennis than I ever had. The coach then blew his whistle which concluded the warm up and signaled the commencement of the match. At this focus in time, I tried to swallow all the fear and anxiety that I had and to face my opponent valiantly and courageously. The match began and before I had amply realized, he had won the first game 21-05. He had won it with the utmost ease, returning even my best shots without any s truggles or even remote difficulty. I tried not to feel discouraged, saying to myself that he still had two more games to win and that I would not give in without a fight.

Free College Admissions Essays: Learning from Mistakes :: College Admissions Essays

Learning from Mistakes One day that I will probably never give is the day that I had to play Jonathan Walker. He was easily the high hat table tennis player in our school and he had even been offered to play on the National Junior team. I remember the match as if it was yesterday. It was the time of year when competition smelled thick in the air and everyone was excited about Inter-House Sports. I was particularly involved in Tennis and Chess but I was really excited about Table Tennis as I had been named Vice-Captain. It was a grueling school day that had ended with an arduous 120-minute Chemistry practical. The school bell that rang was like sweet music to my ears and the only thought that whisked through my estimate was that of going home and sleeping in my big, comfortable bed. Just then, I remembered that the Table Tennis contest between Team C and Team D which also incidentally the finals, was at 400 p.m. I sluggishly changed into the clothes that I had in my locker an d headed for the Games Room. I was very tired and hoped that I would lease an easy confrontation. However, this was not to be my lucky day. The captain of our team, Jason, was sick so I had to play the opposing captain, namely, Jonathan. Panic and doom were those thoughts that dominated my mind when I was told this. However, I was always an optimist and tried to convince myself that I could defeat him (Yeah right). We approached the table and shook hands. In the few initial minutes, we warmed up, just coolly rallying the ball around, but even then he was playing better tennis than I ever had. The coach then blew his whistle which reason the warm up and signaled the commencement of the match. At this point in time, I tried to swallow all the fear and anxiety that I had and to face my opponent valiantly and courageously. The match began and before I had fully realized, he had won the first game 21-05. He had won it with the utmost ease, returning even my best shots without any st ruggles or even remote difficulty. I tried not to feel discouraged, saying to myself that he still had two more games to win and that I would not give in without a fight.

Ecology and Wildlife Risk Evaluation Analysis Essay

This analytic thinking of causal agency studies from Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the case study to assure the set up of pesticides on aquatic systems and the waterfowl that uses them. Comparing the two work outes of these case studies, along with analysis of the assessments. Describing the case study on the effects of pesticides in aquatic ecosystem, the fortuneiness assessment correlated to observed field studies and evaluate the importance of this type of correlation in general for all risk assessment efforts. recess low the ecological and social set in the assessments.Try to establish a value for the components in each case and how the risk assessment was determined. The physical process of defining ecological value in Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) from section 19. 5 overlyk an approach to take a organise process to break down the value of the different species that atomic number 18 located at LANL. This was done to ensure that all relevant value res ources was employ to comply up with the endpoints, and provide the graceful documentation to form a structured that was based on the resources.This process known as the general assessment endpoints (GAE) helped press out data that was not needed and helped provide the means of having data that was needed to follow through with the assessment, along with the values for each potential ecosystem that is based on potential exposure to the surroundingsal stressors. The comparison of the two assessments take a different approach as the endpoints are staggering in the LANL case as the amount of species possess many another(prenominal) possibilities to establish the relevant value of the endpoints that are needed to complete the assessment.By utilizing just the values that the stakeholders suggested in case study Los Alamos National Laboratory, the assessors focused on the immediate values on certain species the all as a hole eliminated the possibility of the lesser values in the cas e study. The aquatic workgroups began their efforts by discussing the basic problem hatched in a pesticide risk assessment and then began defining the sources of uncertainty for assessing effects and exposure. This technique of probabilistic assessment has helped in the reanalysis of the case study of pesticides on aquatic systems.Allowing assessors to look closer at the issues at hand relating to the organisms. The case from chapter 22 is based on a case study on how pesticides affect the impact on ecology. This assessment took a term of probabilistic assessment, and broke down the probability of evaluating the potential of direct effects on the duck population. The time frame that the pesticides are used to skip grasshopper population is around the same time that the ducks are breeding, rear teenage and lay eggs. This is the concern for the use of pesticides in these pothole regions across America and Canada.This case study provides a reanalysis of the wildlife in the pothole r egions. The use of probabilistic methods is entered into the process to characterize variabilitys and the uncertainties of the effects on aquatic macro invertebrates from the pesticides that are released to control agricultural pest control. The assessment shows in the data that the results of the analysis are a way to relate the uncertainties of mortality in the ecosystem. Along with the damage that is done with the food source for the ducks.The pesticides case study applied a different risk assessment framework and hypothesizes to improve the final analysis process to cover all the grounds and bring attention the uncertainties of the damage that is universe inflicted onto the water fowl and ducklings that are in the region during the time of intercessions. The exposure levels are at a high during the treatment process. Thus setting up a risk assessment frame work allows the assessor to take the uncertainties to another level to determine the effects on the contamination faze of the treatment time frame.A conceptual framework was developed that incorporated characteristics of chemicals, agricultural landscapes, and aquatic ecosystems that interact to influence exposure. From this framework, the workgroups designed a tiered system for the risk assessment process in which the assessment progresses from a deterministic assessment to probabilistic assessments of increasing complexity. Each tier includes several experimental and analytical options that reduce uncertainty and provide more complete descriptions of the aquatic environment (Environmental Proection Agency, 2012).The risk assessment was to use the field data to include the uncertainties that eliminates any more early concerns with affecting the species during this process, along with the reduction of the mortality rate among the ducklings. The breakdown of the uncertainties was used for predicting the magnitude and probabilities of adverse effects to non target aquatic and terrestrial species resulti ng from the introduction of pesticides into their environment the probabilistic analysis used in the assessment provides quantification towards the uncertainties in the risk estimate.The risk assessment of the complex exposure to the pesticides provides methods to estimate the probability and impacts resulting from exposure, in this approach. In al it sheds light on the case study that certain elements and processes need to be changed in all phases of general risk assessment. The ecological and social values of concern in the first case study Los Alamos National Laboratory is the different array of possibilities that are presented in the amount of species that are involved, establishing a structured assessment to eliminate the less treasured resources.The process is used to establish the most set resources to help in setting management goals and endpoints to complete the assessment. The ecological and social values of concern in the case study on pesticide contamination are that t here are so many aspects on how to eliminate the less informative data to complete the case study. The social value is to combine the stakeholders concerns and incorporate assessment managers and assessors input to implement valued endpoints to reach a conclusion and game plan to eliminate the risk that are on hand.The social values of these cases, points to preserving the regions that are treated, eliminating the harm to all organisms in the ecosystem that is contaminated by the pesticides. The social values are that these regions house many species and food sources, this assessment breaks down the damage that is being done and the damages that are effecting the ducks in the region. The ponds are watersheds that protect the habitats of many organism, thus having a healthy environment is needed to produce a healthy ecosystem.The ecological view is to preserve the regions from harm, allowing the pesticides to be used in a manner that the organisms are not affected by them. The value of the ecological components in the Los Alamos National Laboratory case study would be the principle values the functional integrity, biodiversity, and the energy dynamics and nutrient contents. By doing so the strongest of the species are chosen to be valued endpoints, so positive results come from the assessment.The trade off would be instilling sensitive species that could be extinct with the decision to use as a value endpoint when they are too sensitive to give a positive result. The value of the ecological components in the effects of pesticides on aquatic systems is that the uncertainties of the valued resources are eliminated and evaluated to have the best valued endpoint to work with in the case study.The tradeoffs relating to the wildlife and development is that the species if not grasshoppers that are at risk then it is the ducks that are present during treatment process. The contamination leave alter either one of these species value in the ecosystem. The risk assessmen t in these cases is determined by compiling the concerns of all parties involved and eliminating the less valued uncertainties, to have valued data to come up with goals to meet all of the concerns.Risk assessment is a process where scientific information is used to address potential environmental risks associated with pesticide use. Good regulatory decisions depend on documented scientific research, an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the specific risk assessment, and sound professional judgment in drawing conclusions from compiled data. Risk assessments should clearly identify pertinent facts and any assumptions deemed necessary to accurately evaluate the pesticide (Environmental Proection Agency, 2012).The probabilistic analysis process can be ameliorate in the chapter 22 case study by more research of the effects on the organisms involved, along with going in another direction on controlling the grasshoppers presence in these pothole regions. Doing a process of elimination of what harms of being caused by the toxin. The analysis can be alter to focus on the main risk factors and once those issues are addressed then one can run another assessment and conclusion as you eliminate even more sensitive data from the finale analyst.The conclusion to the analysis of the case study helps break the process of implementing different type of risk assessments for different issues on hand. The need to eliminate the more sensitive values and collection of data is the key to performing an assessment to help the environment. Finding the valued endpoints and compelling enough data to eliminate the more sensitive resources, to come up with a positive and accurate decision in the long run.

The Marketing Strategy Analysis of Starbucks Corporation

low todays ever-changing foodstuff, strategic marketing readying has become more and more signifi nookiet whether of the functional or the fundamental. Especially, although financial crisis leaded economy growth slowdown, it did not cause a serious play for chain coffee bean tree shop. As Howard Schultz express, CEO of Starbucks, I dont think we had a business plan for the severity of what has allow inn place. History demonstrated to us that a downturn in the economy would not affect us, and in fact, we would be recession-proof. (Katie Couric, 2008) Based on Financial Times, Starbucks revealed that strong earnings of $242m of 2008, a jump from the $64m it save during the comparable period last year and total revenues for the quarter were $2. 7bn, up 4 per cent from the $2. 6bn recorded during the comparable quarter at the end of 2008.It illustrated that consumers pull up stakes still chip in premium expenditures for its coffee even in uncertain stinting times. Greg Farre ll 2010) In this essay, besides demonstrating the excogitation of strategic marketing, I will take Starbucks companionship, United States for a case to define its position in this turbulent chain coffee shop market. Then, identify the customized mass production and evaluate how the cheek affect and communicate the market. Next, the strategic importance of Starbucks Corporation, United States will be analyzed by various tools such as demand chain approach, deck up and TOWS, PESTLE, pricing policies and so on with practical examples.Finally, based on these strategic analyses, the recommendations will be uncommitted for the organization to improve the belligerentness over this competitive market in the future. Brief history of Starbucks Corporation Starbucks Corporation, United States (NASDAQ SBUX), the largest international coffeehouse chain comp some(prenominal) over the world, opened in 1971 by Gerald Baldwin, Gordon Bowker and Zev Siegl in Seattle, Washington, United States. In 1982, Howard Schultz, the present CEO of Starbucks, joined the company as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing.In 1987, Howard Schultz purchased Starbucks chain and rapidly started to expand. The first localisation principle outside Seattle was established at Waterfront Station in Vancouver, British Columbia, and Chicago, Illinois. In 1992, its initial public offering (IPO) on the crinkle market with common stock being traded on the Nasdaq National Market under the trading symbol SBUX. In 1996, Starbucks opened first store outside of U. S in Japan. Today, in that measure atomic number 18 more than 15,000 stores in 50 countries all of the world, including with over two thirds in the home market in the United States.The products sold include coffee, beverages, merchandise, and impudent food and consumer products such as coffee beans, Starbucks cups and so on. Besides, Starbucks engages in gaining the brands add value such as business responsibly nowadays that earn t he respect and trust of the partners and customers. They claimed that two areas including ethical sourcing, environmental stewardship and community involvement would be focused on. For example, the plan of Starbucks Corporation is that by 2015, all of the coffee will be grown using ethical trading and responsible growing practices.Besides, they in any case said that by 2015, 100% of our cups will be reusable or recyclable. So, what Starbucks Corporation emphasized is not only the tangible products, but the intangible assets such as brand image or the add value. The development and concept of the strategic Marketing First of all, I want to define what is market and marketing. The word market keister be referred to the dish out of exchange controlled by supply and demand, and the price involved.The word marketing is the relationship between supply and demand and now favors demand and consumer choice. (Chapman and Cowdell, 1998) Trace back to the origins of modern marketing, it is from the Industrial Revolutions in Britain around 1750 and in the Germany and USA around 1830. The emphasis earlier was on how to do it, with a focus of the technique of marketing. As time goes by, people pay more aid on the philosophy of marketing and work out on stakeholders and society as a whole. Jobber and Fahy, 2009) Therefore, the strategic marketing becomes more and more signifi push asidet since it drive out swear out organizations to find its own position of the competitive market thus, they just can justify their outline against whether the existing or the potential competitors.Therefore, organizations should classify the marketing environment including competitive environment (its immediate competitors and customers) and the macro-environment (the wider social, political and economic setting they operate. In order to develop the right strategy whether for short-term or long-term, organizations not only need to know the concept of strategic marketing but also how to use it within the competitive marketing. In addition, fundamental to strategic idea is the concept of strategic fit. It indicates how organizations match the inseparable resources and capabilities with the opportunities in the external environment. The strategic prototype used to evaluate the appropriateness of the vision or decision fashioning of the organizations (Hooley G et al 2008).A competitive advantage can be developed successfully by a suitable and unique combination of capabilities and resources. Nevertheless, organizations should pay more attention to classify the differentiation between resources and capabilities. Capabilities are focused on the learning effect of the organizations possesses, whereas resources is connected to the inputs to production owned by the organizations. In other words, they should seek the appropriate balance between the marketing of functionalism and fundamentalism under this ever-changing market actually.Black Box Method Kotler et al. (20 09) explain that the consumer is regarded as a black box in the sense that the consumers behavior is a conditioned response to marketing stimuli. After consumers making decision of purchase, the black box concept in behavior science responses. Because of the external stimulation, the consumers decision making process will be affected by the marketing planning and environment. The significance and the strengths of the model is that after consumers processing the various stimuli in their mind, they will react in limited ways.Generally speaking, in the model, the external elements to the consumer will move to behavioral stimuli however, in advance a specific behavioral reaction is created, the consumers decision-making process and personal characteristics will interact with the stimuli. On the other hand, in the black box model, people cant get much information about the way human mind operates. The weakness of this model is people still cannot get the ideas of what goes on in the s traits and have no ideas about what goes on in there.In other words, through the black box model the main internal process and influences of consumer behavior can be identified when consumer behavior operates, but the way how consumers convert the data, together with the stimuli, to act specific responses cannot be available. So, it is just called the black box model. (Kotler et al. 2009) The figure is shown the content and process involved in the black box model. Therefore, in order to understand consumers behavior in the market, organizations need to realize the fundamental process of perception and motivation. by economic depth psychology and behavioral adds value can help organizations to make the marketing planning (Chapman and Cowdell 1998). wreak Starbucks Corporation for example, last year (2009) in order to to mention its brand image as a premium customer experience, it revealed a long term, multi-million dollar advertising campaign in the US, as it seeks to combat perce ptions that its products are over-priced. As Howard Schultz, chief executive, said that they indicated the new value focused offerings had improved customers perception of the value of its products and it is based on the companys research (Jonathan Birchall 2009). rise Keegan et al. (1992, p. 193) Marketing Demand Chain Approach Demand is the relationship between needs and wants and also can be inferred to producer/provider and consumer. Whole markets are motivated by demand consumers can exercise demand by choice freely (Chapman and Cowdell 1998). A demand chain is composed of the organizations which sell products or utilitys. For example, from the customer perspective, the demand chain may be composed by the customers who lead the sales transaction and the suppliers who sell or create the goods.Or from the supplier perspective, the suppliers create or offer the products and the customers buy it. In addition, the market for specific products or service can be defined by a cubic b ox. The three sides of the box are product purchase, buyer group and buyer location (Chapman and Cowdell 1998). For example, the demand for Starbucks Corporation can be defined using this method. purchaser group could be identified by age, education or salary characteristics such as students, white collar workers and retired people.Product purchase could identify the pasture or type the products offering such as beverage, pastries, whole coffee beans, coffee-related retail items and so on. Then, buyer location could be described the locations of buyer groups. Under this complicated and competitive coffee market, the demand chain approach is appropriate for managers to use the concept of identifying the market segmentations. Once the demand is identified, the necessary change and strategic marketing planning of the business environment could be evaluated effectively.The competitive position and market segmentation of Starbucks Corporation Position describes the characteristic pla ce in the market and becomes important more and more in a competitive market because it makes the comparisons to be set between organizations, products and services. It also makes the market segmentation to be classified advertisement and the competition analysis and market analysis to be connected to an organizations strategy.The market segmentation is produced by the differences in customers needs, wants and attitudes (Chapman and Cowdell, 1998. Take Starbucks Corporation for a case, numerous cheap coffees are available, what is its attraction under this competitive coffee market? The idea can be also referred to the office of positioning is to support that process, not to be it. (Mintzberg et al 2009) The advantage of defining the position is to help Starbucks Corporation both defending itself and attacking the existing or potential competitors by utilizing the strategic tools such as Porters generic strategies, Porters five forces and so on.For example, using Porters generic strategies for the strategic tool shown below, differentiation focus is Starbucks Corporations position compared with other competitors. Hence, the suitable strategy could be set by it. Through identifying the position of the market, not only analyzing the competitors but creating competitive advantages is necessary to organizations. Competitor identification is the purpose of competitor analysis and it investigates competitor strategies, objectives, capabilities and prediction of response patterns.In addition, the process is to offer a foundation of competitive advantages, defining their future strategies. Competitive advantages are the resources and skills of the organizations classification of the organizations core competences could be available by analyzing those factors (Jobber 2001). Customized mass production of Starbucks Corporation For Starbucks, it is very important that it provides mass customization to their customers. They obey the conception which is every customer is unique. Therefore, both products and services are created to be a unique experience and atmosphere for the customers individually.So, what customer pay for is not just the products or services but including the unique experience and atmosphere. As B. Joseph fade (1999) said, We have shifted from a goods economy (coffee beans in a can) to a service economy (hot coffee at a diner) to an experience economy (coffee sold in a special mug, in comfortable surroundings Starbucks). In other words, under an ever-changing economy, what trend the organizations should follow is that converts products into services and then services into a unique and memorable experience.The unique and memorable experience is the differentiation between Starbucks and its existing or potential competitors. Starbucks Corporations Strategic Marketing plan Strategic Marketing Planning includes the competitive position creating of both the organization and its offerings, core strategy decision making and implemen ting that strategy. The significance of planning marketing strategies for organizations are to make sure that the organizations capabilities are appropriate or not and it is not just for short-term but for the long-term (Hooley et al, 2008).Besides, organizations also need the market scrutinize to model and understand the key factors in the marketing environment. A marketing audit could be defined that it is an essential tool for the periodic reassessment of any organizations marketing effectiveness. It is the way to analyze organizations environment, activities and strategies critically, and improve them (Chapman and Cowdell, 1998. ) Starbucks Corporations strategic marketing planning starts with marketing audit and it could be divide to three parts, macro environment, internal environment and external environment.Macro environment is examined to recognize the directions and patterns inter environment is scanned to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses and opportunity and threat is involved in external environment. * PESTEL analysis For macro environment, it could start with PESTEL analysis (an acronym for Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, Technological, Ethical and Environmental and Legal factors) of the organizations environment. Starbucks Corporation tends to classify main drivers which play important role in the strategic marketing planning by its PESTEL analysis.Take the socio-cultural environment for example identifying the difference such as consumer preferences could shift from coffee to other beverages can help Starbucks Corporation finding the target groups by setting the suitable marketing strategies. In addition, increasing usage of community networks such as Facebook in the technological environment can provide Starbucks Corporation the efficient way to call forth the brand on the popular channel nowadays. In other words, organizations can understand the macro environment by using strategic tools and then set the appropriate marketing str ategies for not only now but for the future.Appendix-A provides the summaries of Starbucks Corporations PESTEL environment * SWOT analysis For internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) analysis, its purpose is to make organizations to get valuable chances and then to enable them taking advantages of them. For external environment (opportunity and threat) analysis, a marketing opportunity is a field of buyer interest and need that organization with high possibility of beneficially satisfying. In addition, an environmental threat is a danger by a negative development or trend that would lead to decrease profit or sales (Kotler and Keller 2009. According to the information of the internal environment and external environment, Starbucks Corporation develops SWOT analysis to classify the key strengths and weaknesses related to opportunities and threats (Appendix-B). Consider this case, the strengths such as strong global coffee brand, tell atmosphere and customer base loyalty woul d let Starbucks Corporation to grow the market share in new markets such as some specific cities with high population density in China.Besides, take the other care for example, facing the threat of more and more competitors are from various channels such as McDonald in the competitive market, Starbucks Corporation develop new strategy to defense it. Last year (2009), Starbucks Corporation embraced customer research surveys and ran its first major(ip) advertising campaign (Claire Cain Miller 2010). * TOWS hyaloplasm The SWOT analysis provides the identification of organizations strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Nevertheless, according to such an nalysis, it is rarely and static of the development of definite substitute strategies. Hence, the TOWS Matrix is instituted for analysis the competitive situation of organizations or lead to the evolution of four different sets of strategic alternatives. In addition, the TOWS Matrix is a conceptual structure and begins with th e threats since organizations crusade to make strategic marketing planning under the pressure of perceiving danger, crisis, or threat (Koontz and Weihrich 2007). Appendix-B shows the example of TOWS Matrix.Starbucks Corporation plans to spend the majority of its $40m marketing budget to promote its Via brand of instant coffee and Frappucino drinks through grocery stores (Greg Farrell 2010. ) This is the example for the SO strategy of Starbucks Corporation based on the strength of strong global coffee brand and the opportunity of New products/services/ distribution channels. In addition, take the other case for example, in 2009 the New York Citys Department of wellness and Mental Hygiene released the results of a study about the ordering habits at 115 Starbucks stores in the city.The study, which was conducted in 2007, found that the add up blended drink had 239 calories. The average cup of coffee had 63 calories. The popularity of blended coffee beverages has grown in recent years , Dr. Thomas A. Farley, the citys health commissioner, said in a statement. Unfortunately, many of these drinks are loaded with calories. Your afternoon pick-me-up may be weighing you down. After that announcement, Valerie ONeil, a vice president at Starbucks, said in a statement We offer wholesome food and beverage options for our customers, including blended coffee beverages less than 100 calories.Looking forward, we continue to find stabilizing ways to deliver information for our customers to make more informed choices. (A. G. Sulzberger 2009) This is the example for the ST strategy of Starbucks Corporation based on the strength of product diversification and the treats of effectual issue (calories). In other words, by using the TOWS Matrix, organizations can know that how to take advantages of the opportunities. Meanwhile, the impact of weaknesses could be minimized and defense them against threats.By clearly identifying the analysis of threats, opportunities, weaknesses and strength, organizations can make the appropriate strategic marketing decisions actually. Pricing strategies of Starbucks Corporation Price may be defined as the value (measures by whatsoever means is appropriate) given to a product or a service by a market. The price of a product or a service refers to the term by which it can be acquired, and may be expressed in monetary or non-monetary terms (Chapman and Cowdell 1998).In organizations, designing pricing strategies effectively not only needs a systematic approach but also a complete understanding of consumer psychology and then just can set or adapt prices appropriately (Kotler and Keller 2009). Consider the case of Starbucks Corporation, last year (2009) they announced a new pricing scheme. It included the price change magnitude of many of its popular products such as brewed coffees and lattes. This action is in order to confront the danger of the other organization with offering lower price coffee such as McDonalds stealing pr ice sensitive customers (Claire Cain Miller 2009).However, in this article written by Claire Cain Miller in the New York Times, it also mentioned Starbucks increased some drinks price including Frappuccinos and caramel macchiatos. The reason is that Starbucks thought there are less competition from rivals in higher-end more complex drinks. Starbucks is attempting to make the near profit from its loyal customers who are desired on its products and expecting they will patronize Starbucks continually. Jobber and Fahy (2009) stated that positioning strategy is one of the key factors influencing price-setting decisions.Positioning strategy includes the creation of a differential advantage and the preference of target market. These factors affect price enormously. In addition, price is the main element to make great influence to the marketing strategies since it is the only factor of the marketing mix that impact on the generates revenue directly. Indeed, the pricing strategy plays a ver y important role of organizations because it is can be a good indicator of its future growth potential.

Distance education Essay

Distance program line dates back to at least as archaeozoic as 1728 when an advertisement in the Boston Gazette promoted Caleb Phillips, Teacher of the new method of Short Hand, who sought students who wanted to learn through each week mailed lessons. Similarly, Isaac Pitman taught shorthand in Great Britain via correspondence in the 1840s. Distance education has a long history, but its popularity and use has grown exponentially as more advanced technology has become available. By 2008, online learning programs were available in the United States in 44 states at the K-12 level.Definition pedagogics where teachers and students are separated in both place and time. They communicate at times of their own choosing by exchanging printed or electronic media, or through technology that allows them to communicate in real time or through other online ways. Advantages Distance Education does not require commuting, saving money otherwise dog-tired on travel back and forth to school. Conve nience and flexibility. You complete classes at your convenience. Accessibility. Live and study from anywhere while pursuing education of your choice.Online classes address availableness issues that some people with limited mobility encounter. Self-paced learning. Individualized Instruction. Vast resources readily available through the internet which are relatively inexpensive. Potential. The opportunities for aloofness education have detonate with the increased use of the internet. Many degrees are available through infinite learning including high school, college and post graduate programs. Cost. Distance education is considerably cheaper than attention a traditional college. Key players in Distance EducationStudents Faculty Facilitators Support staff Administrators fundamental interaction and technology in Distance Education Interaction is an important component of any learning experience. One of the or so important factors relating to distance learning is the element of in teraction as its much different of an surround in a traditional classroom than what occurs in distance learning. Learner Content LearnerInstructor LearnerLearner LearnerTechnology Synchronous vs Asynchronous Interaction In distance Education most interaction done Asynchronously interaction between them is delayed.One good example is a teacher may deliver the video instruction via email and the assimilator may respond in a later time. Synchronous interaction like in traditional classes where learners and instructors interact real time you talk I immediately respond. This could be achieved in distance learning as when computer conferences are held at pre-established times via chat technologies. Distance Education Technologies The various technologies utilise in distance learning can be roughly divided into four categories, However umteen of these technologies could overlap into more than one category.Print Technology The original form of Distance Education was correspondence cours es, in which print material was mailed to students and returned to the teachers through the postal system. The University of London was the first university to offer distance learning degrees through correspondence, establishing its External Programme in 1858. This program is now known as the University of London International Programmes and includes Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Diploma degrees created by colleges much(prenominal) as the London School of Economics, Royal Holloway and Goldsmiths.In the United States William Rainey Harper, first president of the University of Chicago developed the concept of extended education, whereby the research university had satellite colleges of education in the wider community. In 1892 he also encouraged the concept of correspondence school courses to further promote education, an idea that was put into practice by capital of South Carolina University Computer Technology Computer based technology includes email, online collaborations and we b-based education as a means of delivering distance learning.The widespread use of computers and the internet have make distance learning easier and faster, and today virtual schools and virtual universities deliver full curricula online. In 1996 Jones International University was launched and claims to be the first fully online university accredited by a regional accrediting association in the US. Video Technology Video techniques often used for distance learning include videotapes, satellites, television cables, and computers offer opportunities forbehavior modeling, demonstrations and instruction of abstract concept. Audio technology Offer cost effective ways to enhance distance learning courses. It can be as simple as a telephone with voicemail or it can be as complex as an audio conference with microphones and speakers. The very rapid spread of radio in the United States in the 1930s led to proposals to use it for distance education. By 1938, at least 200 city school systems, 2 5 state boards of education, and many colleges and universities go around educational programs for the public schools.One line of thought was to use radio as a master teacher. Experts in given fields broadcast lessons for pupils within the many schoolrooms of the public school system, asking questions, suggesting readings, making assignments, and conducting tests. This mechanizes education and leaves the local teacher only the tasks of preparing for the broadcast and keeping order in the classroom. look for and Distance Education The University of the Philippines Open University (U. P. O. U.) is a public distance learning institution and research university that provides quality higher and continuing education to Filipinos through the distance education system.Melinda dela Pena-Bandalaria (2007) in her article on Impact of ICTs on open and distance learning in a Developing Country cathode-ray oscilloscope The Philippine Experience, pointed out the distance education in the Phil ippines has undergone four general stages or generations. It also includes how quality of education is ensured in a technology-driven system of teach and learning.

Reflection paper

reflection Paper robot Apocalypse Myths film been around in all told parts of the serviceman for thousands and thousands of years. All religions take a dash their take myths on how the world was created and dealing with the evil spirits in the world and often more. Over the years there were different myths created fashioning society bank in them along with others deprivationing the historical positions behind these myths. Making legion(predicate) of us develop a sense of fantasy with these myths. For example, the zombi spirit apocalypse.The word Zombie pursues from the Haitian and New Orleans voodoo origins. It refers to a human dead body which serves the undead, but what makes tidy sum so crazed all(prenominal)where it? Is it the mysterious modal value the illness or bite first started? Why is it continually being spoken ab come out on the websites and on the television? Many people have their own interpretation on this. Many of it deals with the prep ardness for the end of the world. This ties into the entertain manpowert of peoples minds since people atomic number 18 bored in the world wanting to create a new myth. Let me elaborate on this farther.When It comes to the zombie type of apocalypse many people have created movies, video games, and record books on It. This type of apocalypse have given some people the adrenaline rush in video games for they can use violence to hide these zombies. Other people search the facts in order to raise for disasters in the world. It can be tough to beat people think backing about emergency prep atomic number 18dness forwards disaster strikes. Hollywood created these zombie movies, video games, television series, and books to spark our attention and get people Involved in preparing before a true natural disaster strikes.Because of these many movies and books In the world It made people question this zombie apocalypse. Will it really happen? How do you prep ar for it? Many people in the world have verbalise to have an emergency plan and survival kit set up. But who would want to believe this? Is it a myth or fact? Many people have then thought of this apocalypse as another contribute to the humans who are living whom, without the threat of law, would contemplating to rape and kill you on the dot to take what you have, and to enjoy whatever sick twisted fantasy they cook up on the spot.This Is the type of facts people have to add to this myth. As signs go on with the facts other than trying to survive and kill the zombies, people would get depression. Depression leave alone lower your immune system, causing the stress and making you tired constantly which can add to your death or becoming a zombie. Even if there is not a zombie attack, the government top executive be more prepared for an earthquake or any other type of disaster which is more common than an actual zombie apocalypse. I in-personly do not believe In the typical zombie apocalypse movies and videotapes and su ch.I do believe in other myths and such but with this type it is more fantasy than anything else. I would get to be given factual and solid scientific evidence explaining how and why this would occur. I refuse to acknowledge this as a valid warning. However I do have respect for some of the CDC government opinions, as they are entitled believe whatever they may want to. Even if it Is scientifically based To me it ties in with someone wanting the entertainment and excitement due to their boredom or preparing for the true natural disasters.The idea is to get the attention of people who would otherwise not prepare for real, actual emergencies, ilk natural disasters by getting the attention of people and getting them to seriously think about an emergency kit, in order to save us money. In any survival situation you must have food, water, shelter & protection. However, if a zombie apocalypse were to occur, you would not only have to have the supplies to survive, but would also have to have the ability to protect the supplies and your family.Most alikely, you would desire to have enough supplies for a minimum of three months. Then have a plan for either how to grow or produce your own supplies. This is another factual to needing to prepare. Personally, I would like to know why everyone thinks that they would be trying to survive. With the likely percentage of infection across the world in all the scenarios e imagine, there is a 99 percent chance that you would be a zombie too. What makes one think that it could not happen to me? Why would one assume that they would be fighting them? Chances are they would be stumbling and moaning as well. These are questions that I face with this type of myth and why people could possibly be into this. Other people would use this as another way to get closer to their faith. For example, people would think that the zombies are Satins demons and the living are Gods children trying to escape Satins grasp. To me this seems a very p ossible way to lead to their myth and fantasy in their minds.As other people believe, like me, that the zombies are far-fetched, they do however look at the facts like the deadly influenza in 1918 making people afraid to leave their homes. To me it is one way to use this apocalypse as entertainment to fill their boredom, but to end up believing this could possibly be an outcome in the world is bizarre. As, you can see many people use this as a way to prepare for the real disasters in the world, to have emergency kits and plans on how to survive. But then other people see it as actually happening. What do you believe in? Myth or fact? Why are you into this?Reflection physical compositionThis chapter focuses on the principles of biology. Biology Is the scientific study of life. A notable contradiction to accomplishment Is pseudoscience which Is something that sounds selecting but Is not based on complete evidence. Life encompasses a wide variety of things, but all life has a set of seven-spot characteristics which are order, regulation, growth and development, energy processing, response to the environment, reproduction, and evolution. Life inhabits in many levels ranging from the exosphere to molecules and atoms.A booth is the lowest structural level that can sustain the activities required for life. Cells exist in one of two categories prokaryotic or eukaryotic. A prokaryotic cell is simple, small, and lacking a nucleus while a eukaryotic cell is larger and more complex, containing many membrane-enclosed organelles. Biological domains further differentiate between kinds of cells. There are three major biological domains, two of which are classified ad for prokaryote and the other for eukaryote. They are Domain Bacteria, Domain Archie, and Domain Eukaryote.Evolution Is also a major theme In biology. Evolution Is the concept of life evolving over the course of time. Charles Darwin Is responsible for the concept of evolution through natural selection. His id ea of natural selection was about the adaptation to the environment over time by populations in order to survive. Discovery science and hypothesis driven science are the two main processes of science. Scientists follow the scientific method to test their findings. Theories and scientific saws sometimes takings from many repeated experiments.A theory is a comprehensive explanation while a law is a more a extrapolate description. The basis of science requires that experiments be repeatable, as scientists repeat each others experiments to check for verification. This is why It Is very important for scientists to be honest with their observations and results. Correlations occur when events occur unneurotic In time and space. It Is very Important to know that correlation does not always equal causation. A controlled experiment Is needed to prove a relation.This includes a control and experimental chemical group. As science has advanced, technologies have advanced as well to help us a pply or take advantage of said scientific advances. Positive and negative things have come about from the mix of science and technology. A positive result has been the use of DNA in lamentable court cases. A negative result has been the deforestation and toxic wastes caused the growth in population. The information regarding the resistance that certain bacteria may be exploitation towards antibiotics is particularly interesting to me.This will also be relevant to me not only as I may probably be more elaborate with any future antibiotic Intake but also as I will be entering the health field and will need to be aware of this. As a nurse I might need to administer antibiotics or monitor or conduct patients bacterial count. By the time I become a nurse, In a couple of years, this has the possibly of becoming a larger Issue (hopefully not ) and their might need to be extra precautions that I will need to inform patients of as well as general health.Reflection PaperAcross Cultures Re flection cross-ethnical literacy and experiences are playing an Increasingly important part In developing a global management squad particularly In a cultural-diversity squad or organization. Building an effective global business team by Governance and Septas told us that transnational corporations looking to exploit global economic of scale, deepen of knowledge etc needs to master managing global business teams. And the Dams presents three culturally determined strategies for resolving conflict between organizational members from different cultures.For the past match reviewed presentation, the purpose of this presentation is to help us gaining more experiences by working in a multicultural team. This teamwork exercise has given me an opportunity to develop my cultural learning and improve my understanding of the concept of culture. Be more specific about the part of communication, there Is Individualistic versus socialist In the cultural aspect. The collective require consens us on decisions and the Individual view this as lower priority. Our group was In the prevalence of collectivism which has pros and cons.In a positive way, our team members can effectuate together forward different ideas then put them all together to achieve our goal. Furthermore, our team members select the best ideas to present and arrangement the points without any questions. During the discussion, we had different personal opinions due to the shortage of individualism so some conflicts arisen. To solve this problem, we tended to continue the ideas then discussed which one is most accepted. Therefore, there arent many diverse ideas until finished the discussion.Next time, I will think out more Ideas then try to communicate with my team members more. At same time, I will listen to others about their opinions understandably and try to compare different Ideas then choose the best Idea. The communication Is the Important factor In the multinational cooperation. MAGGOTS Reflection P aper BY heptanes cross-cultural literacy and experiences are playing an increasingly important part in developing a global management team particularly in a cultural-diversity team or organization.Building an effective global business team by Governance and Septas Be more specific about the part of communication, there is individualistic versus collectivist in the cultural aspect. The collective require consensus on decisions and the individual view this as lower priority. Our group was in the prevalence of will think out more ideas then try to communicate with my team members more. At different ideas then choose the best idea. The communication is the important factor in the multinational cooperation.Reflection PaperTeachers, parents, and peers can all assume who is a well behaved student and who is not by their habitue for the class, in-class behavior, and how they manage their classes on their free time. It is permanently zippy to be prepared for class not only for yourself bu t to show the professor what kind of student you are. This means that the student should have read the literal beforehand to get a clear understanding of the theme of the following lecture and prepare any questions.Also, being on time and delivery the proper(a) necessities to class will show your professor that you are ready to learn. Being prepared for class is the first impressions students show their professors. I complete my reparation the sidereal day before the class. Do this to refresh my memory of the new course material. In addition, if I have a question, jot it down in my observe book so will not forget it the day of class. I always keep my needed supplies in my backpack and double check before every class.If you are not prepared, your professor may think down upon you, which is an undesirable way to prove your self-worth. Behavior inside the classroom is correspondingly important. Just like being prepared, showing up to class on time can increase your chances of havin g a great first impression. Classroom etiquette involves tying throughout all of class while being involved and taking notes. Although am very shy and quite, give my professors clues that I am paying attention and am interest in their class.To do this, sit in the front of the class, look at the teacher while he or she is talking, and ask any questions that may come up. In addition, I try my best to keep small group discussions on topic. However, I know that I can greatly incommode these tactical maneuver to prove how interested I am in the class. After class many students forget to do their assignments and procrastinate until the last possible moment. This will result in terrible work and prove to the professor that their class is not one of your priorities.The best way I show my professors that I am interested in class is by taking the time with my homework and papers. Will complete the assignment but will continue to recheck what have do up until I am completely pleased with my work. By doing so, I am communicating that I actually care about the class. In Sociology 201 , I put in my best effort to impress my professor. Although I am not asking many questions and do not talk as much as other students, do try my best to prove my interest and give great impression by the work I do produce.Reflection PaperTeachers, parents, and peers can all assume who is a good student and who is not by their reparation for the class, in-class behavior, and how they manage their classes on their free time. It is permanently vital to be prepared for class not only for yourself but to show the professor what kind of student you are. This means that the student should have read the material beforehand to get a clear understanding of the theme of the following lecture and prepare any questions.Also, being on time and bringing the proper necessities to class will show your professor that you are ready to learn. Being prepared for class is the first impressions students show the ir professors. I complete my reparation the day before the class. Do this to refresh my memory of the new course material. In addition, if I have a question, jot it down in my note book so will not forget it the day of class. I always keep my needed supplies in my backpack and double check before every class.If you are not prepared, your professor may think down upon you, which is an undesirable way to prove your self-worth. Behavior inside the classroom is correspondingly important. Just like being prepared, showing up to class on time can increase your chances of having a great first impression. Classroom etiquette involves tying throughout all of class while being involved and taking notes. Although am very shy and quite, give my professors clues that I am paying attention and am interested in their class.To do this, sit in the front of the class, look at the teacher while he or she is talking, and ask any questions that may come up. In addition, I try my best to keep small group discussions on topic. However, I know that I can greatly extend these tactics to prove how interested I am in the class. After class many students forget to do their assignments and procrastinate until the last possible moment. This will result in terrible work and prove to the professor that their class is not one of your priorities.The best way I show my professors that I am interested in class is by taking the time with my homework and papers. Will complete the assignment but will continue to recheck what have done up until I am completely pleased with my work. By doing so, I am communicating that I actually care about the class. In Sociology 201 , I put in my best effort to impress my professor. Although I am not asking many questions and do not talk as much as other students, do try my best to prove my interest and give great impression by the work I do produce.Reflection paperAsian Stereotypes Its human temper to create stereotypes. Humans are Judgmental beings that always s eem to Judge something before they get to know them. Whether Its fear of the unknown, or Just because of bias. Stereotypes can be seen in almost every race. From white people being considered trailer trash, to Hispanics being known as lazy. Another group that has stereotypes are Asians. Asian people are those who originate from Asian. This group Includes both Indians, Japanese, and Chinese people. To begin, there are many different stereotypes about Asians.First of all, Aslant men are considered to be chauvinistic. Males are considered to be very disrespectful towards women. They are also seen as against the liberation of people. Furthermore, Aslant parents are portrayed as conservative and strict. Especially In the movies they are seen as dictators with their children. Thirdly, Asians are considered to have better bad position. As many movies have also shown, Asians are shown as having a very broken English and being unable to say L sounds. Moreover, religion is also something th at people stereotype.For example, Sikhs are all considered to be Muslims. Also that Asians are not very good athletes. The one that is most common is that all Asians are great at mathematics. This is more of a nurture and less of temper when it comes to mathematics. I believe this is where the full-length all Asians are doctors idea came from. This is all untrue. All in all, stereotypes are Just made up ideas about others. We tend to group people up with what we believe they represent. Its an unfortunate part of life but it seems to happen more and more.Reflection paperAsian Stereotypes Its human nature to create stereotypes. Humans are Judgmental beings that always seem to Judge something before they get to know them. Whether Its fear of the unknown, or Just because of bias. Stereotypes can be seen in almost every race. From white people being considered trailer trash, to Hispanics being known as lazy. Another group that has stereotypes are Asians. Asian people are those who ori ginate from Asian. This group Includes both Indians, Japanese, and Chinese people. To begin, there are many different stereotypes about Asians.First of all, Aslant men are considered to be chauvinistic. Males are considered to be very disrespectful towards women. They are also seen as against the liberation of people. Furthermore, Aslant parents are portrayed as conservative and strict. Especially In the movies they are seen as dictators with their children. Thirdly, Asians are considered to have better bad English. As many movies have also shown, Asians are shown as having a very broken English and being unable to say L sounds. Moreover, religion is also something that people stereotype.For example, Sikhs are all considered to be Muslims. Also that Asians are not very good athletes. The one that is most common is that all Asians are great at mathematics. This is more of a nurture and less of nature when it comes to mathematics. I believe this is where the whole all Asians are docto rs idea came from. This is all untrue. All in all, stereotypes are Just made up ideas about others. We tend to group people up with what we believe they represent. Its an unfortunate part of life but it seems to happen more and more.

Construction project

hand the Great bend is a pocket-size construction company formed from the merger of Grant Thomas anatomical structure &Right Build International. The company has successfully operated in the Durham North Carolina area for the past ten years pass watering on both small and large scale construction, repair, and alteration projects. With the business boom that is occurring in Greensboro and the desire to improve overall profit margins, the company is planning to shift its target mercantileise from residential clients to the larger commercial customers. This business plan will lay out our goals and tasks to make this transition successful.Grant the Great Construction strives to offer the finest quality design, post preparation, cost estimates, construction, repair, and alteration to clients needing large scale construction services. History & Purpose working on both small and large scale construction, repair, and alteration projects.. Grant the Great Construction strives to offer the finest quality design, site preparation, cost estimates, construction, repair, and alteration to clients needing large scale construction services. Strengths Grant the Great Construction is a traffic pattern Build Firm. By being both owners to both esign the project and to construct the project.In some cases, the design is done in- house, but most often the Design-Builder engages the services of an international architect as well as all of the subcontractors. As stated above, the intended result is that the project can be done more apace because the construction can begin earlier in the process, even before the details are finalized. Weaknesses Being that Grant the Great Construction was built by merging two existing companies , there are different practices that each company has grown accustom to. Many of these differences can be overcome with comely advance planning and team eetings.We plan on building our company off the most successful practices of each company. Mission Grant the Great Construction is dedicated to raising the levels of professionalism, integrity, ethical practice, and performance within the construction industry. Goal 1. Establishing a strong and sustainable internal structure. 2. Developing a body of work and establishing a positive reputation. Strategy As a new construction company we will invest in a model home and massive packages of plans and images that clients can use to better understand what theyre aying for when they contract with Grant the Great Construction.Marketing Internet promotion method is the key to our success We plan to market ourselves by emphasizing our name and unique solutions through internet promotion. An amount of $10,000 for the style of the web page has been included in the Start-up expenses with ongoing maintenance expenses approximated monthly. Our Focus is commercial building and renovation tasks as our initial and primary focus on marketplaces. We will use our completed tasks to display our perso nalized venture management bundle to potential clients. Organizational Plan

For and Against Pollution

These days, more and more people ar using their own cars to commute. The increasing number of vehicles in our cities appends to the high levels of pollution in the air. When faced with fetching private cars or public transport, people react in different ways. I will discussthe for and against arguments of using private cars or public transport. passel prefer private cars over public transportfor several reasons. Firstly, private cars are believed to be faster than public transport since people dont have to spend their precious time waiting forabus.In addition, bus-shelters are usually crammed with people. Secondly, you can godirectlyfrom work to home much faster. Furthermore, in that respect are people who dont like to shareplaces with unknown persons or they dont like to be standing up duringtheirjourney. For instance, when pickings a bus in rush hours it is very difficult to finda spare seatand eventually you end up grasping a hand bar and trying to keep your balanceso as not be flungaroundwhen the bus brakes. On the other hand, there are other people who prefer public transport to private cars.Using public transport is cheaper than usingyour own car. Ask people who use private cars on a regular basis how muchthey spend on their cars every month. Not only do people have to pay for high position pricesand fuel, but also the expenseincurred when they take their car to the garage to have it repaired. Unlike private cars, public transport has reservedlanes in many cities so long delays due to traffic congestion can be avoidedbytaking a bus or a taxi. As farastheenvironment is concerned, the use of public transport instead of private cars makes a difference.Forexample, if the people who use a buswere to usetheir own vehicles instead,thiswoulddefinitely contribute to air pollution. In conclusion, using private cars is expensive and produces more atmospheric pollution thanpublic transport does. All in all, public transport is proveto be more efficientand cheap er than private cars. For this reason, I feel that weshould alltry to use public transport whenever possible. It isbeneficial for our finances, our time, andmore significantly to ourenvironment.

Business Law & Ethics Essay

Consider the possible run afouls between legally doing business and selling riotous-food, given the increasing evidence of how it is a significant contributing factor in public health, obesity, and diabetes facing many Americans. Now, based on what youve learned in this module, answer the following A) After interpreting the Inside Story section of Chapter 1, do you agree with how Disney Company is handling the issue? Why or why not? B) Does government (federal, state, or local) vex a right or a responsibility to get involved in this conflict? If so, what and to what limit? If not, why not? Provide sound cerebrate for your stance and back it up with references, if possible. Your logic should be factual, not emotional. Then, reply to two or more of your classmates postings (three additional postings are needed for an Exemplary grade). strike the Discussion Rubric for additional information and grading criteria. The case involved McDonald and Disney is about childhood obesity caus ed by many advertising that promote straightaway food in the United States.The McDonald Company leads the most successful advertising that drives children to obesity. Under the pressure of different sectors, Fast Food Company such as McDonald is required to reconsider the effect of its powerful advertising on a childs health condition, specifically the issues of child obesity (Bagley & Savage, 2010). Disney is created for the children, then feeding healthy should be a real concern regarding children to Disney. Disney and McDonald had signed a pact, and McDonald fast food is unhealthy for children. With the growing number of child obesity, eating fast food, especially McDonald, Disney had to take a stand in this case. I agree with how Disney is handling the issue because there were guidelines provided by Disney on how the children should eat the McDonalds food. If McDonald shavers meal did not meet the requirement guidelines provided by Disney, then, Disney has the right to end it s contract with McDonald Company. The obesity problem may have short bourne effect such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure, and long term effect such as type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis on those children, according to research.For example, the percentage of children aged 611 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Similarly, the percentage of adolescents aged 1219 years who were obese increased from 5% to nearly 21% over the like period. 1, 2, and in 2012, more than one third of children andadolescents were overweight or obese. . I believe government has both right and responsibility to get involved in this conflict because child obesity is not a small case. Because of eating unhealthy, children are risk of some types of disease, and the obesity rate is very high. Government has to vex laws regarding children eating unhealthy food due to influential advertising promoted by fast food com panies. Government needs to get involved in this conflict until there is a solution to lower calories volume provided by fast food restaurants even they do not directly tell anyone to eat their food. However, that is the think they advertise their food, so people can buy them it is a business marketing to attract customers.

Persuasive Speech about Prayer in Public Schools Essay

Ladies and Gentlemen all in all protocol observed, I would like to tell you the facts behind the modestness why I am against imploreers in reality prep ares. Prayer in public give instructions should no be allowed since it is inconsiderate of the different religions that atomic number 18 represented in the school. Public schools host people from all religions since they are cheaper hence affordable. When the requesters are done they are biased against the religion with minor representation in the school hence it is better if prayer was abolished in school.When prayers for one religion are done, the other religions witness loaded discriminated against and they have a feeling of inferiority. It feels like the school administration is trying to force the students to join their religion. The school administration should advocate the elimination of prayer to avoid cases where the students feel discriminated. The students provide feel like they are forced to worship (Sommer 1984). Instead of directing prayers in public school each student should be allowed to pray on their own.This elbow room the school will be respecting all religions since all students will have freedom of worship and they will feel appreciated. Even though some of the schools acknowledge all religions, they tend to assign less time to the prayers of the religions with minor representation. At times the public schools do non even be intimate the religious holidays of the religions that have minor representation. Some of the prayers that are done too do not level the serious that religion requires and some people prefer not praying instead of praying in a way that will leave other offended.There are some people who believe that they should only conduct personal prayers the people prefer praying for themselves (Lindorfer 2004). When prayers are conducted in school by a person who is not in the same religion with another, since there is the feeling of indifference between the two parti es, divisions could arise in extreme cases that could disrupt the education process in the school as a result of strikes. Ladies and gentlemen, with these issues at hand, I suggest that prayers should be eliminated from public schools and all students should pray on their own.This way the unity among students will be enhanced since religious differences will be avoided and all students will coexist in wild pansy (religionandpoliticsgeek 2008). In those schools that all students share one religion, there are different denominations and all people make out to have their denomination as the superior. An example is where a catholic would like to conduct a prayer in their way and a Presbyterian too will want prayers conducted the way they do it in their determine of worship.As a result when the prayers are conducted in one way, they other student will feel that their denomination is not appreciated. With the emergence of very many churches, it is advisable to eliminate prayer in publi c schools to avoid cases where the students rise against each other based on prayer (Rollins 1998). With those facts, I would request all of you to join me in advocating for abolition of prayer in public schools.

Bus 520 Assignment 1

accordant Relationship Agreements By Vickie Gonzalez Bus 520 Leadership and Organizational Behavior Professor Dr. Marilyn Carroll October 24th, 2012 Workplace romances are straightway whizz of the ch bothenges that organizations of all sizes produce to address. How they address them varies from organization to organization. Some businesses and organizations strictly prohibit them in whatsoever form or fashion, while other(a)s prohibit them when the break awayicipants are in certain roles within the organization.Some companies have elect not to address the issue at all and others are using a more perfunctory method of documenting and mitigating the encounter they feel these alliances pose. One of the methods of documenting, and potentially mitigating, this chance is known as a consensual relationship agreement or CRA. In the text that follows I entrust cope for the determination of CRAs in the work. Secondly, I ordain p envy a counter argument for the use of CRAs. The n we will then come out at the ethical principles knotted in the use of CRAs. Lastly I will present another option that may be available for addresses these consensual relationships.First, lets look at what brought about the need for CRAs. On June 28th, 1914 Gavrilo Princip, of Sarajevo, assassinated the Archduke and heir to the throne of Austria, Franz Ferdinand (Collins, 2008, p. 9). Thirty-seven days afterward World War I began, and with it, so did what some see as the beginnings of women entering the workplace. The Munitions of War dissemble of 1915 moved twenty-one percent of Britains wives, sisters, mothers and daughters into the workforce (Woolacott, 1994, p. 17). Factory workers became soldiers and the women in their lives became factory workers.By 1941, and the United States entree into World War II, 18. 9 million Ameri end women had entered the workforce as well (Weak-Baxter, 2010, p. 14). Japan had attacked garner Harbor and patriotism was welling just as strong in Ameri stinker women as it was in American men. Now, according to the US Department of Labor, there are 72 million women in the civilian patience force alone (2012). The years following World War II were a time of challenge, reading and diversification for business, and revolution and exploration for women. Harassment, specifically inner torture, is one of those hallenges faced by businesses and employers as of a termination of workplace diversification. Inappropriate conversations, unwanted advances and uncomfortable physical contact are some of the slipway internal harassment can occur. According to Hellriegel and Slocum, Sexual harassment refers to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. (p. 52). To be clear, sexual harassment can, and has, touch both women and men over the years however up to half of all working women have reported experiencing some form of sexual harassment in the career (Vijayasiri , 2008, p. ). It wasnt until 1986 though that the domineering Court recognized sexual harassment as a violation of Title VII in the case of Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (OBrien, 1994, p. 1). Before the high courts ruling, however, the Equal Employment prospect Commission had begun to address the issue by drafting hostile work environment guidelines that included sexual harassment (OBrien, 1994, p. 4). These guidelines would serve later to guide the high courts decision. There are galore(postnominal) more cases like this one we could look at.In 1991, sexual harassment became a household term as Anita Hill testified before congress stating she was sexually harassed by a current nominee for the arrogant Court. In her statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee Ms. Hill stated, It is only after a great cumulation of agonizing consideration, and sleepless, number of , great number of sleepless night, that I am able to have words of these sulphurous matters to anyone but my close friends ( Black Scholar, 1991, p 1). For many American this was the first time they had really panorama about or discussed sexually harassment.It was on our televisions, out in the open, for the whole world to see. As a terminus of brave employees like Ms. Hill and many others sexual harassment is no less tolerated in the workplace and employers are required to have specific policies addressing it. Now what happens when the relationship between two employees is consensual? No harassment has occurred. Romance is in the air. Some organizations have policies that prohibit workplace relationships of any descriptor and participating in one is grounds for termination. Other businesses only prohibit these relationships in the event that one party reports to or manages the other.More and more firms are using consensual relationship agreements or CRAs. A CRA is a written agreement or contract in which the involved parties agree to specific guidelines in the workplace (Hellriegel/Slocum, 2011, p. 65). This is one of the practices or policies an organization can use to mitigate the risks associated with workplace relationships. In this agreement the parties involved state that the relationship is voluntary. They agree to abide by any and all anti-harassment or anti-discrimination policies the business has in place, including reporting any violation of these policies that may occur.They also agree to behave professionally at all times which includes avoiding even the appearance of favoritism. There are proponents and opponents of the use of these agreements in the workplace. I agree with the proponents of the use of CRAs in the workplace. Hellriegel and Solcum mention several arguments in favor in CRAs in the workplace in our text. I would like to look at three of these. The first argument that Hellriegel and Solcum mention is that CRAs help mitigate the risk of any sexual harassment litigation (p. 65). I have to agree with this argument. Office relationships can be w onderful.I know several happy couples who met at the office. They manage their personal and professional lives well. However this is not unendingly the case, and when the relationship fails, things may change. This can be especially true if this relationship involved one part that directly, or even indirectly reports to the other. The employee may suggest they were pressured into the relationship by their manager. The manager may resent the employee and treat them unfairly. Both of these scenarios, and many others, open the doors to litigation. The employer in both of these cases could be found liable in a sexual harassment suit.Damages awarded in these cases can be punitive and compensatory. In 1997 large corporations played out more than 6 million for each sexual harassment suit they defended themselves against and/or settled (Vijayasiri, 2008, p. 2) Employers can protect themselves from this risk by ensuring they have a very clearly stated workplace relationship policy that, in my opinion, should involve the use of CRAs. The second argument is favor of the use of CRAs is that they help to subjugate the appearance of favoritism in the workplace (Hellriegel/Slocum, 2011, p. 65).Ensuring that there is not even the appearance of favoritism in the workplace is not just a matter of fair policy. In many cases a ternion party can sue their employer for sexual harassment if they feel they are being discriminated against as the result of a workplace relationship. Employees are human and emotions and perception are part of being human. No employer can predict what doings will be acceptable to one employee and offensive to another, A CRA requiring both participants in the relationship to behave in a professional manner can help minimize this risk of offending a third party.In 2001, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld a verdict in favor of Diane Leibovitz for $60,000 against the New York City Transit Authority or NYCTA for what the court determined to be a hostile work environment (Leibovitz v. NYCTA, 2001). Ms. Leibovitz sued the NYCTA for sexual harassment and emotional distress after confronting her employer regarding the sexual harassment of 3 other female co-workers. Ms. Leibovitzs job was threatened if she did not remain silent.As a result of these threats she suffered from depression and sleep deprivation. Ms. Leibovitz was not the victim of any sexual advances or misconduct, however, witnessing it and her employers inaction created a hostile work environment and a $60,000 judgment on her behalf. The third agreement presented in the text in favor of the use of CRAs is that they create a forum where human resources can talk openly with employees about the responsibilities and ramification that come with an office romance (Hellriegel/Slocum, 2011, p. 5). This is simply an opportunity for the employer to remind the employee what behavior is and is not appropriate in the workplace. The employer can also restate the companys commitment to preventing sexual harassment. This is the time for open and honest discussion in the hopes that awareness and understanding may prevent litigation. Those who argue against the use of CRAs in the workplace argue that they are a violation of the employees privateness and in-effective.

Piaget’s Cognitive development theory Essay

Jean Piaget and his possibility of the mannikinats of cognitive victimization have made signifi buttt percentages to a encompassing cross-section of disciplines including educational psychology and applied developmental psychology. Though his master key theory has underg superstar some step of changes, the basic tenets argon inactive applicable in understanding how humans develop progressively from receive to adulthood. several(prenominal)(prenominal) theorists have criticized Piagets theory and have pland alternative approaches to explaining human development.Other theorists have espoused Piagets theory with few modifications or additions to the original theory. Nevertheless his theory of cognitive development has had a wonderful imp playact on developmental psychology and go out continue to represent a valid theory in helping to understand the nature and awards of human development. The field of applied developmental psychology has and will continue to benefit from the views put forward by Piaget. Biography of Jean Piaget Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896 to what he described as a tumultuous family surround.From an early age Piaget showed signs of having master key intelligence and acquired an interest in several fields of canvass including psychoanalytic theory, philosophy, mechanics and natural history. At the very young age of ten he published a study on mollusks (malacology). several(prenominal) years subsequently, in 1917 he published a philosophical novel. His intellectual and research accomplishments thereafter ar numerous. In 1918, at unless 21 years of age he obtained his doctoral degree in Biology from the University of Neuchatel continuing his study of mollusks in his thesis.His interest in philosophy and psychology led him to Zurich where he worked with mental patients while studying psychoanalytic theory. His interest in tike developmental psychology began in Paris with his work in a laboratory at a grade school. Here he worked on with Alfred Binet, who headed the laboratory, in standardizing argumentation tests for Paris baby birdren. He became curious about the thought processes of baby birdren that influenced them producing either the right or incorrect answers. Piaget published a number of articles discussing the research he conducted here.In 1921 Piaget was made director of studies at the Institut J. J. Rousseau in Geneva. In 1923 he married Valentine Chatenay with whom he had three children. He continued his study of child psychology and later published five books on the topic. His background in Biology had a significant amount of influence in his research (Slavin, 2000). These publications subsequently distinguished him in this field of study. His faculty member and administrative appointments saw him working at the University of Geneva, the Sorbonne, the Institut des Sciences de lEducation, and the Bureau International de lEducation.He is also observe to have founded and directed a center for philosophers and psychologists called the Centre dEpistemologie Genetique. He worked along with several other researchers including Alina Szeminska, Barbel Inhelder, and Marcel Lambercier. Among the research topics that he conducted extensive studies on have been noted the notions of number, physical quantity, and space manipulation of objects and the development of perception. These aras collaboratively contributed to his theory of cognitive development.His platform of study was both at the professional and personal level. It is widely kn aver that he conducted detailed observations of his three children Jacqueline, Lucienne and Laurent without their infant and diction development years. His wife, herself a psychologist, also worked along with him during his observations, recording the behaviors of their children (Fischer & Hencke, 1996). Piagets contributions to the field of developmental psychological ar indeed considerable and have been w idely acknowledged.He was awarded the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award in 1969 by the American Psychological Association for his contributions. At his death in Geneva on folk 16, 1980, Piaget had written and published more than 40 books and over 100 articles or chapters dealing with the topic of child psychology. His soonest works include The Origins of Intelligence in Children (1936/1952), The Construction of Reality in the Child (1937/1954) and Play, Dreams, and mimicry in Childhood (1945/1951) (Fischer & Hencke, 1996).To date his research is believed to have made the single near important contribution to developmental psychology (Slavin, 2000 Beilin, 1992) and to a large extent the field of cognitive development psychology was founded chiefly on his work (Goswami, 2001, p. 259). Piagets theory of cognitive development Piaget sought to describe how development occurs from the here and now of birth unto adulthood and the cognitive changes that occur as physical dev elopment takes place. Using his background in Biology and his knowledge of the way organisms behave relative to their environment, Piaget sought to explain how children think along these lines.Piagets strength that children construct knowledge based on these processes was in antithesis to behaviorist orientation which suggested that behavior was shaped exclusively by external environmental forces. Piagets theory was more constructivist in nature proposing that severally(prenominal) child is actively involved in constructing his own reality. Construction of knowledge, Piaget argued, was facilitated via the inter litigate of the processes of modification, accommodation, assimilation and equilibration.Piaget commenced by proposing that children argon born with a natural inclination to interact with and a contend to understand their environment (Slavin, 2000). From the earliest stage children develop mental patterns that guide their behavior, what Piaget calls schemes. Schemes are used to find out about and act in the world (Slavin, 2000, p. 30). The goal of intellectual development, according to Piaget, was towards adaptation where alive schemes are adjusted in response to modifications in the environment.As new situations arise children either incorporate new objects or as yetts into quick schemes finished assimilation or they adjust existing schemes when new objects and events do not fit into those existing schemes in the process of accommodation. When un long-familiar situations arise a state of disequilibrium ensues and the processes of accommodation and assimilation facilitate the replica to equilibrium where balance is restored between existing understanding and new experiences the process of equilibration (Slavin, 2000). The dimensions of the theoryPiaget believed that children passed finished cardinal different stages of development that are defined by different characteristic features from birth to adulthood. Piaget send wordd that indivi dually child moves progressively through for each one of the stages of cognitive development as they mature physically. The four distinct stages of cognitive development that Piaget has specified are the sensori travel, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational periods. He also gives an estimation as to the age at which each child will enter either stage.Wakefield (1996) points out, though, that the age swan for each stage is only an average a child may enter a proper(postnominal) stage earlier or later than that estimated by Piaget. However, each child, Piaget argues, must pass through each of these stages of development in the specified order and no child can skip a special(prenominal) stage. It must also be noted here that his theory is ineluctably universal as it examines only how all children will progress and does not discernk to analyze individual differences among children. The sensorimotor period represents a child zero (0) to two (2) years old.The main aspects of this stage Slavin (2000) summarizes as where infants learn about their surround by using their senses and motor skills. Piaget believes that each child is born with some built in mechanisms and tendencies and these he labels as physiological reactiones. Because a newborn child has not yet essential a concept of his environment, his initial response to this environment up to one calendar month old is instinctive. These reflexes, however, soon sound the basis through which the child acquires new perspectives and behaviors (schemes) in an attempt to learn about and understand his environment.From birth to one month children come to establish schemes as they commence the processing of interacting with and understanding their environment. Initially debunking behaviors by simple reflex children soon begin to modify these reflexes. From one to four months children attempt to reproduce recurring themes in their schemas. Children later begin to establish repetitive pat terns in behavior and to associate different behaviors with different schemes. Examples include an infant crying when hungry and laughing when happy.The period two to four months Fischer and Silvern (1985) notes as when the child is evolution the ability to intelligently adapt individual actions such as grasping a rattle (p. 634). mingled with four and eight months children are more object-oriented paying more attention to objects in their external environment, befitting more observant and less preoccupied with issues related to themselves such as hunger and sleep. Children begin to display more coordination in their schemes.From eight to 12 months children become aware of what they want and begin to construct their own schemas in order to achieve their goals. Behaviors are now more deliberate, carried out with a particular utilisation in view. From 12 to 18 months children they are exploring new possibilities with objects in their environment. A childs action at this stage is v ery experimental using trial and error to discover new schemas. From 18 to 24 months children begin to transition from this stage to the second preoperational stage.They are developing the ability to function using symbolic representations. Of course a child at the sensorimotor stage may not necessarily be able to fully understand every new thing that he perceives in his environment. Wakefield (1996) comments that, even though a child is unable to perform some amount of logical thinking at this stage, there is still some attempt to understand his environment through the use of his sense perceptions and motor skills. The preoperational stage is between ages two and seven years approximately.At this second stage children begin to be able to use symbols to represent things mentally by associating those new things with objects they are familiar with. While they are a little more developed cognitively than the earlier stage they still have a very narrow view of their environment. Within this stage, from age two to four years a child is relatively egocentric believing that everyone else sees things from their perspective. They also possess some amount of animism, believing that objects have characteristics akin to living things such as the ability to move.From age four to seven children further develop their reasoning capacities even though their thought processes are not completely logical. They have difficulty, however, with the concepts of centration and conservation. Slavin (2000) explains these concepts by illustrating that in this stage a child does not understand that the amount of milk in a tall glaze over is the same when it is poured into a shallower container nor are they able to realize that an object painted a different discolour is still the same object.The third stage of cognitive development is the concrete operational stage which covers children of age(p) seven to eleven. At this stage children, while experiencing difficult thinking in abstract , are able to form concepts and solve problems. Of course they must be able to relate such operations to already familiar objects or situations in order for them to function properly. They are now able to understand and apply the principles of conservation and centration. Their reasoning is also considerably more logical and can show interrelations between different objects and classes of objects.They are still limited, however, in that they are unable to reason in abstract terms but need concrete circumstances and examples as guides. A child in the final formal operational stage, perpetual from age eleven (11) to adulthood, is now able to reason in abstract and to conceptualize situations beyond what they can see and touch. They have now developed the capacity to perform reasoning about events, actions or objects that they cannot see or that are strictly hypothetical and they are also able to use deductive reasoning.They begin to devise plans to solve problems and test their hypot hesis against a variety of options. Piagets stratification of cognitive development into different stages has considerable implications particularly for educational goals. Because children are able only after having moved through certain stages, to control certain tasks and to be effective in certain cognitive activities, learning situations must be structured so that they match the developmental stages.Education must therefore be developmentally appropriate to the abilities of the child and attempts should be made to help children, as they progress from one stage to the next, to manipulate the operations inherent at each stage. Piagets view of cognitive development has been quite formidable and influential in helping researchers understand the processes at work at different stages and ages. There have, however, been several criticisms of the model. One of the major criticisms has focused on the presumed universality of the stages that Piaget describes.He supposes that every child , irrespective of situational context, will go through these stages at a prescribed time and that the principles are therefore applicable to all children everywhere. whatever researchers have noted, however, that the rate and stage of development is not at all universal. The ages that Piaget initially suggested as delineating each stage are therefore thought of as rough estimates and children can enter and exit each stage either earlier or later than initially prescribed.Another concern that was raised with regards to Piagets theory was that it suggested that as the child progressed through the stages that the abilities at the lower stage no longer become useful or necessary. Piaget later clarified, however, that the concrete thinking and other abilities at the lower stage are not only essential before a child is able to progress to more coordination compound thinking but they are also persistent over time and that a child never loses the lower abilities. He suggests that over tim e certain tasks become automatic, almost instinctive, but they are still essential even in the later stages of development.Further Piagets original theory had not considered the equally impact that the environment may have in impacting behavior. His initial argument much to anti-behaviorist and thus the federal agency of environmental factors to shape behavior was almost ignored. Even though he accounted for these influences in his explanations of the process of adaptation and equilibration, he did not focus much on this aspect. Researchers have found that various social and environmental factors can have a considerable impact on a childs development.They propose that a child can enter a stage earlier and progress through that stage much quicker than others based on the stimuli available in his environment. Similarly a childs development may be significantly retarded if adequate stimuli are not provided in the environment. A child would therefore progress through stages later and at a slower pace. The behaviorist position that the environment matters is therefore not completely invalid and their view of the potential influence of the external environment in shaping behavior has some merit.Despite this failure to fully acknowledge and explain the relevance and impact of environmental factors in facilitating knowledge construction based on reality and even though the theory seems to emphasize universal stages of development, Fischer and Hencke (1996) believe that Piaget with his cognitive development theory is notably still the most influential researcher and theorist on developmental that the twentieth century has seen (Fischer & Hencke, 1996, p. 09). Current research Several theorists have arisen in more recent times to expand on Piagets original theory, to propose modifications on the areas of weakness or to suggest a complete new approach to understanding cognitive development. Among those worthy of mention are Robbie Case, Kurt Fischer, Michael Shayer a nd Juan Pascual-Leone. Robbie Case is a neo-Piagetian who agrees with Piagets general position that children go through developmental stages.Case also agrees with Piaget that each stage is delineated based on age and is substitute of the changing ways that children are able to mentally represent reality and how they process information in their instincts. Case also supports that cognitive development occurs in four stages commencing from when a child is around one month old until the period of adulthood. Within each stage he also recognizes substages of development postulating, like Piaget that each successive stage is a continuation or a building on to the author (Sternberg, 1987, p. 08). Beginning in the mid-nineteen seventies Case began to propose alternative interpretations of the stage development theory. He has developed some characteristics in his new theory that are not in complete alignment with original Piagetian thought. His first area of departure is with relation to the way that information is processed in the brain throughout the stages.